"After birth, the environment into which the child is born often perpetuates this preconditioning. If the biological parents are both present in the child’s life, they typically reinforce the messages the developing foetus received during gestation. If the environment was stressful before birth it may very well be stressful after birth. Consequently, the child’s preconditioned response is perpetuated. Excessive amounts of adrenaline (a chemical associated with the stress resp